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Physical Audio Signal Processing
    Acoustic Modeling with Digital Delay
       Allpass Filters
          Nested Allpass Filters

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Nested Allpass Filters

An interesting property of allpass filters is that they can be nested [155,156]. That is, if $ H_1(z)$ and $ H_2(z)$ denote unity-gain allpass transfer functions, then both $ H_1(H_2(z))$ and $ H_2(H_1(z))$ are allpass filters. A proof can be based on the observation that, since $ \vert H_i(e^{j\omega})\vert=1$, $ H_i(z)$ can be viewed as a conformal map [332] which maps the unit circle in the $ z$ plane to itself; therefore, the set of all such maps is closed under functional composition.

An important class of nested allpass filters is obtained by nesting first-order allpass filters of the form

$\displaystyle S_i(z) = \frac{k_i+z^{-1}}{1+k_iz^{-1}}. $

The nesting begins with $ H_1(z)\isdef S_1(z)$, and $ H_2(z)$ is obtained by replacing $ z^{-1}$ in $ H_1(z)$ by $ z^{-1}S_2(z)$ to get

$\displaystyle H_2(z) \isdef S_1\left([z^{-1}S_2(z)]^{-1}\right) \isdef \frac{k_1+z^{-1}S_2(z)}{1+k_1z^{-1}S_2(z)}. $

Figure 1.25a depicts the first-order allpass $ S_1(z)$ in direct form II. Figure 1.25b shows the same filter redrawn as a two-multiplier lattice filter section [301]. In the lattice form, it is clear that replacing $ z^{-1}$ by $ z^{-1}S_2(z)$ just extends the lattice to the right, as shown in Fig.1.26.

The equivalence of nested allpass filters to lattice filters has computational significance since it is well known that the two-multiply lattice sections can be replaced by one-multiply lattice sections [301,322].

Figure 1.25: First-order allpass filter: (a) Direct form II. (b) Two-multiply lattice section. (b) is just (a) folded over.
\begin{figure}\input fig/apone.pstex_t \end{figure}

Figure 1.26: Second-order allpass filter: (a) Nested direct-form II. (b) Consecutive two-multiply lattice sections.
\begin{figure}\input fig/aptwo.pstex_t \end{figure}

In summary, nested first-order allpass filters are equivalent to lattice filters made of two-multiply lattice sections. In §H.8.4, a one-multiply section is derived which is not only less expensive to implement in hardware, but it additionally has a direct interpretation as a physical model.

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written by Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.