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Physical Audio Signal Processing
    Elementary String Instruments
       Ideal Vibrating String
          Wave Impedance

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Wave Impedance

A concept of high practical utility is that of wave impedance, defined for vibrating strings as force divided by velocity. As derived in §H.7.2, the relevant force quantity in this case is minus the string tension times the string slope:

$\displaystyle f(t,x) \isdef -Ky'(t,x)$ (5.4)

Physically, this can be thought of as the transverse force acting to the right on the string in the vertical direction. (Only transverse vibration is being considered.) In other words, the vertical component of a negative string slope pulls ``up'' on the segment of string to the right, and ``up'' is the positive direction for displacement, velocity, and now force. The traveling-wave decomposition of the force into force waves is thus given by (see §H.7.2 for a more detailed derivation)5.1

\begin{eqnarray*} f(t,x) &=& f_r(t-x/c) + f_l(t+x/c)\\ &=& -Ky'_r(t-x/c) - Ky'... ...K}{c}{\dot y}_l(t+x/c)\\ &\isdef & R{v_r}(t-x/c) - Rv_l(t+x/c) \end{eqnarray*}

where we have defined the new notation $ v={\dot y}$ for transverse velocity, and

$\displaystyle R\isdef \frac{K}{c} \isdef \frac{K}{\sqrt{K/\epsilon }} = \sqrt{K\epsilon }, $

where $ K$ is the string tension and $ \epsilon $ is mass density. The newly defined positive constant $ R=\sqrt{K\epsilon }$ is called the wave impedance of the string for transverse waves. It is always real and positive for the ideal string. Three expressions for the wave impedance are

$\displaystyle \zbox {R\isdef \sqrt{K\epsilon } = \frac{K}{c} = \epsilon c.} \protect$ (5.5)

The wave impedance simply relates force and velocity traveling waves:

\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{rcr@{\,}l} f^{{+}}(n)&=&&\!R\,v^{+}(n) \\ f^{{-... ...) \end{array} \protect% FIXME: Causes a strange button in HTML \end{displaymath} (5.6)

These relations can be called Ohm's law for traveling waves. Thus, in a traveling wave, force is always in phase with velocity (considering the minus sign in the left-going case to be associated with the direction of travel rather than a $ 180$ degrees phase shift between force and velocity).

The results of this section are derived in more detail in Appendix H.