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Physical Audio Signal Processing
    Digital Waveguide Models
       Ideal Vibrating String
          Wave Impedance

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Wave Impedance

A concept of high practical utility is that of wave impedance, defined for vibrating strings as force divided by velocity. As derived in §C.7.2, the relevant force quantity in this case is minus the string tension times the string slope:

$\displaystyle f(t,x) \isdef -Ky'(t,x)$ (7.4)

Physically, this can be regarded as the transverse force acting to the right on the string in the vertical direction. (Only transverse vibration is being considered.) In other words, the vertical component of a negative string slope pulls ``up'' on the segment of string to the right, and ``up'' is the positive direction for displacement, velocity, and now force. The traveling-wave decomposition of the force into force waves is thus given by (see §C.7.2 for a more detailed derivation)7.2

\begin{eqnarray*} f(t,x) &=& f_r(t-x/c) + f_l(t+x/c)\\ &=& -Ky'_r(t-x/c) - Ky'... ...}{c}{\dot y}_l(t+x/c)\\ &\isdef & R{v_r}(t-x/c) - Rv_l(t+x/c), \end{eqnarray*}

where we have defined the new notation $ v={\dot y}$ for transverse velocity, and

$\displaystyle R\isdefs \frac{K}{c} \isdefs \frac{K}{\sqrt{K/\epsilon }} \eqsp \sqrt{K\epsilon }, $

where $ K$ is the string tension and $ \epsilon $ is mass density. The newly defined positive constant $ R=\sqrt{K\epsilon }$ is called the wave impedance of the string for transverse waves. It is always real and positive for the ideal string. Three expressions for the wave impedance are

$\displaystyle \zbox {R\isdefs \sqrt{K\epsilon } \eqsp \frac{K}{c} \eqsp \epsilon c.} \protect$ (7.5)

The wave impedance simply relates force and velocity traveling waves:

\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{rcr@{\,}l} f^{{+}}(n)&=&&\!R\,v^{+}(n) \\ f^{{-... ...\end{array} \protect% FIXHTML: Causes a strange button in HTML \end{displaymath} (7.6)

These relations may be called Ohm's law for traveling waves. Thus, in a traveling wave, force is always in phase with velocity (considering the minus sign in the left-going case to be associated with the direction of travel rather than a $ 180$ degrees phase shift between force and velocity).

The results of this section are derived in more detail in Appendix C. However, all we need in practice for now are the important Ohm's law relations for traveling-wave components given in Eq.$ \,$(6.6).

Previous: Sampled Traveling-Wave Solution
Next: Ideal Acoustic Tube

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About the Author: Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.


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