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Spectral Audio Signal Processing
    Multirate Polyphase Filter Banks
       Critically Sampled Perfect Reconstruction Filter Banks
          Amplitude-Complementary 2-Channel Filter Bank

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Amplitude-Complementary 2-Channel Filter Bank

Perhaps the most natural choice of analysis filters for our two-channel, critically sampled filter bank, is an amplitude-complementary lowpass/highpass pair, i.e.,

$\displaystyle H_1(z) = 1-H_0(z)$

where we impose the unity dc gain constraint . Amplitude-complementary thus means constant overlap-add (COLA) on the unit circle in the plane.

Plugging the COLA constraint into the Filtering and Aliasing Cancellation constraint (11.4) gives

$\begin{eqnarray*} A e^{-j\omega D} &=& H_0(z)[1-H_0(-z)] - [1-H_0(z)]H_0(-z) \\ ... ...n} \\ [5pt] 2h_0(n), & \hbox{$n$\ odd} \\ \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*}$

Points to note:

Even-indexed terms of the impulse response are unconstrained, since they subtract out in the constraint.
For perfect reconstruction, exactly one odd-indexed term must be nonzero in the lowpass impulse response . The simplest choice is $h_0(1)\neq 0$ .

Thus, the lowpass-filter impulse response can be anything of the form

$\displaystyle h_0 = [h_0(0), \bold{h_0(1)}, h_0(2), 0, h_0(4), 0, h_0(6), 0, \ldots] \protect$

(12.5)

$\displaystyle h_0 = [h_0(0), 0, h_0(2), \bold{h_0(3)}, h_0(4), 0, h_0(6), 0, \ldots]$

etc. The corresponding highpass-filter impulse response is then

$\displaystyle h_1(n) = \delta(n) - h_0(n).$

The first example (11.5) above goes with the highpass-filter

$\displaystyle h_1 = [1-h_0(0), -h_0(1), -h_0(2), 0, -h_0(4), 0, -h_0(6), 0, \ldots]$

and similarly for the other example.

The above class of amplitude-complementary filters can be characterized in general as follows:

$\begin{eqnarray*} H_0(z) &=& E_0(z^2) + h_0(o) z^{-o}, \quad E_0(1)+h_0(o)=1, \,... ...{$o$\ odd}\\ H_1(z) &=& 1-H_0(z) = 1 - E_0(z^2) - h_0(o) z^{-o} \end{eqnarray*}$

In summary, we have shown that an amplitude-complementary lowpass/highpass analysis filter pair yields perfect reconstruction (aliasing and filtering cancellation) when there is exactly one odd-indexed term in the impulse response of .

Unfortunately, the channel filters are so constrained in form that it is impossible to make a high quality lowpass/highpass pair. This happens because repeats twice around the unit circle. Since we assume real coefficients, the frequency response, $E_0(e^{j2\omega})$ is magnitude-symmetric about $\omega=\pi/2$ as well as $\pi$ . This is not good since we only have one degree of freedom, $h_0(o) z^{-o}$ , with which we can break the $\pi/2$ symmetry to reduce the high-frequency gain and/or boost the low-frequency gain. This class of filters cannot be expected to give high quality lowpass or highpass behavior.

To achieve higher quality lowpass and highpass channel filters, we will need to relax the amplitude-complementary constraint (and/or filtering cancellation and/or aliasing cancellation) and find another approach.

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Next: Haar Example

written by Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.

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