### Example State SpaceFilterTransfer Function

In this example, we consider a second-order filter () with two inputs () and two outputs ():

so that

From Eq.(G.5), the transfer function of this MIMO digital filter is then

Note that when , the state transition matrix is simply a 2D rotation matrix, rotating through the angle for which and . For , we have a type of normalized second-order resonator [51], and controls the damping'' of the resonator, while controls the resonance frequency . The resonator is normalized'' in the sense that the filter's state has a constant norm (preserves energy'') when and the input is zero:

 (G.6)

since a rotation does not change the norm, as can be readily checked.

In this two-input, two-output digital filter, the input drives state while input drives state . Similarly, output is , while is . The two-by-two transfer-function matrix contains entries for each combination of input and output. Note that all component transfer functions have the same poles. This is a general property of physical linear systems driven and observed at arbitrary points: the resonant modes (poles) are always the same, but the zeros vary as the input or output location are changed. If a pole is not visible using a particular input/output pair, we say that the pole has been canceled'' by a zero associated with that input/output pair. In control-theory terms, the pole is uncontrollable'' from that input, or unobservable'' from that output, or both.

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