### Lossy Vibration

The DW and FDTD state-space models are equivalent with respect to lossy traveling-wave simulation. Figure E.4 shows the flow diagram for the case of simple attenuation by per sample of wave propagation, where for a passive string.

The DW state update can be written in this case as

where the loss associated with two time steps has been incorporated into the chosen subgrid for physical accuracy. (The neglected subgrid may now be considered lossless.) In changing coordinates to the FDTD scheme, the gain factor can remain factored out, yielding

When the input is zero after a particular time, such as in a plucked or struck string simulation, the losses can be implemented at the final output, and only when an output is required, e.g.,

where denotes the corresponding lossless simulation. When there is a general input signal, the state vector needs to be properly attenuated by losses. In the DW case, the losses can be lumped at two points per spatial input and output [447].

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