"Rikard" <rikard.hellberg@se.flextronics.com> writes:
>>"Rikard" <rikard.hellberg@se.flextronics.com> writes:
>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>> I have a problem understanding the effect of noise in fix-point
>>> FIR-filter implementations. Expecially SNR degradation due to
>>> large order filter.
>>>
>>> The maxum error I will experience after quantization will be:
>>>
>>> e=sum(abs(Q(h(n))-h(n)))
>>>
>>> The round off power from the Coeff for the whole filter will be:
>>>
>>> (Q^2/12)*N, where Q is quantization step and N is the order of the
>>> filter.
>>>
>>>
>>> Well, if I have a 200-tap symmetric filter quantize to 18-bit (17-bit
>>> frac)
>>> in twos complement. My input signal is comming from a 14-bit ADC
> (13bit
>>> frac) twos complement.
>>>
>>> How can I calculate the SNR after the filter??
>>>
>>> Best regards
>>> Rikard
>>
>>Hi Rikard,
>>
>>I've read your post a couple of times and I cannot understand
>>exactly what question you are asking.
>>
>>In a nutshell, we can talk about two different phenomena:
>>a) roundoff error of the coefficients, and b) quantization
>>error that results in converting the result in the accumulator,
>>which on most fixed-point DSPs is big enough to handle
>>the multiply-accumulates without any error, to the data
>>path width.
>>
>>Coefficient round-off error simply results in a filter different
>>than the one you thought you had. It does not contribute at all
>>to any degradation of SNR in the signal path.
>>
>>The quantization error from b) can definitely degrade your input SNR
>>if done incorrectly. If done correctly, you should see about 6N dB SNR
>>at the output with an N-bit output data path.
>>
>>These are two unrelated and non-interacting phenomena, but it seems
>>you make reference to both. If you could clarify your question, maybe
>>we could help you better.
>>--
>>% Randy Yates % "Watching all the days go by...
>>%% Fuquay-Varina, NC % Who are you and who am I?"
>>%%% 919-577-9882 % 'Mission (A World Record)',
>>%%%% <yates@ieee.org> % *A New World Record*, ELO
>>http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
>>
>
>
> Hi Randy
Hi Rikard,
> I think you are wrong here.
It's very possible.
> I should get a better SNR when I filter a signal, since I suppress
> the out of band noise
Oh, well, yes, in that sense that is true. I misinterpreted this part of
your post.
You seem to be speaking of two completely different types of noise
here. One is the type of noise that is present in the signal which
you're attempting to filter out with an FIR. I'll call this type of
noise "SIGNAL NOISE" during this post.
The other type of noise is the kind generated by the implementation of
the filter itself, such as the quantization noise caused by truncating
the long accumulated values back to the datapath length. I'll call
this "IMPLEMENTATION NOISE."
> in the stop band of the filter. However a large order FIR filter
> involves a lot of multiplications, introducing quantization noise.
If you're trying to say that each multiplication introduces
quantization noise, then that may or may not be true. It depends on
the architecture of the machine and the underlying number
representation. In a nutshell, if you're using floating point numbers
on a "standard" processor, that's correct. However, if you're using
fixed-point numbers on a DSP, then that's incorrect.
For example, as I just recently responded in another thread, the C54x
has a 16-bit data path, 17-bit multiplier, and a 40-bit accumulator.
A minimum of 256 multiply-accumulates can be performed on this machine
without losing even one bit of accuracy. It is only when you
"quantize" the 40-bit accumulator back to the [typical] datapath
length of 16 bits that you introduce quantization noise, but that
happens once for each output sample, not once each multiply.
> Each quantized Coefficient
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> will contribute with noise and will most surely degrade the SNR of
> the signal of interest, since we are adding noise in each
> multiplication.
You're confusing different issues, Rikard.
First of all, coefficient quantization does NOT introduce quantization
noise (i.e., IMPLEMENTATION NOISE). It simply changes the frequency
response of your filter. This is well-known and proven in many
textbooks on DSP. See, for example, section 9.4, "Analysis of
Coefficient Quantization Effects" in [mitra].
However, it may be the case that coefficient quantization changes your
filter's ferquency response enough so that more SIGNAL NOISE gets
through the filter than you expected.
Lastly, there is some IMPLEMENTATION NOISE introduced by the filter
implementation, as I discused above.
> The noise added in each multiplication will be filtered of the rest
> of the taps in the filter.
As I said, there is no noise in "each multiplication" when using a
fixed-point DSP.
> Question:
>
> We have a received a signal and sampled it with a 14-bit ADC,
> Fs=10MHz. Lets say that we have a signal with a bandwidth of 1MHz
> and the SNR of the signal of interest is 18dB. I would like to
> improve this by lowpass filtering.
>
> If a design a filter with 200taps (coef is 18bit, 17frac) thats has
> a stopband attenuation @ 1.5MHz of 30dB.
>
> What SNR will I have @ the output of the filter??
There's no way to tell without knowing the noise spectrum. If the
noise is flat across the entire digital frequency range (0 to Fs/2),
then you should realize about 10 * log_10(5 / 1.5) = 5.23 dB increase
in SNR, so the output SNR should be about 23 dB. And this is just a
rough guess since I'm assuming a brick-wall filter. The actual
SNR improvement (assuming again a flat noise spectrum) would be less
thatn 5.23 dB.
> What am I missing??
As I attempted to explain above, it seems you're confusing different
issues. I suggest you get ahold of a few DSP texts and see what they
have to say. Specifically, I recommend [mitra] which I mentioned
above, and also [proakis], which has a lot of material analyzing
coefficient quantization.
@BOOK{mitra,
title = "{Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach}",
author = "Sanjit~K.~Mitra",
publisher = "McGraw-Hill",
edition = "second",
year = "2001"}
@BOOK{proakis,
title = "{Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications}",
author = "John~G.~Proakis and Dimitris~G.~Manolakis",
publisher = "Prentice Hall",
edition = "third",
year = "1996"}
PS: Proakis/Manolakis have a new fourth edition of their book out.
--
% Randy Yates % "How's life on earth?
%% Fuquay-Varina, NC % ... What is it worth?"
%%% 919-577-9882 % 'Mission (A World Record)',
%%%% <yates@ieee.org> % *A New World Record*, ELO
http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr