It's not completely standard, but I've usually seen a factor of 1/(2*\pi) in front of the integral for the inverse Fourier transform. I believe the theore says that this factor must be somewhere in the round-trip journey from forward transform to revers. It could be 1/sqrt(2*\pi) in front of both, or whatever. [papoulis] has the present in his definition of the autocorrelation function as the inverse transform of the power spectral density. However, both [proakiscomm] and [garcia] omit this factor. Why do these people use this [incorrect] form of the inverse transform? --Randy @BOOK{proakiscomm, title = "{Digital Communications}", author = "John~G.~Proakis", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", edition = "fourth", year = "2001"} @book{garcia, title = "Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering", author = "{Alberto~Leon-Garcia}", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1989"} @book{papoulis, title = "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes", author = "{Athanasios~Papoulis}", publisher = "WCB/McGraw-Hill", edition = "Third", year = "1991"} -- % Randy Yates % "With time with what you've learned, %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % they'll kiss the ground you walk %%% 919-577-9882 % upon." %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % '21st Century Man', *Time*, ELO http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Different Definitions for Inverse Fourier Transform
Started by ●September 22, 2006
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
Randy Yates skrev:> It's not completely standard, but I've usually seen a factor of > 1/(2*\pi) in front of the integral for the inverse Fourier transform. > I believe the theore says that this factor must be somewhere in the > round-trip journey from forward transform to revers. It could be > 1/sqrt(2*\pi) in front of both, or whatever. > > [papoulis] has the present in his definition of the autocorrelation > function as the inverse transform of the power spectral density. > However, both [proakiscomm] and [garcia] omit this factor. > > Why do these people use this [incorrect] form of the inverse transform?Without having read all the books (only browsed Papulis', some 10 years ago), I would guess it has to do with convenience. As is usual when implementing the DFT/IDFT pair, squeeze all the cumbersome scaling factors into the least used transform, the inverse. The gain is a lot less scribbling to do during calculus; the expense is that Parseval's identity misses by a factor 1/sqrt(2 pi) or so. My $1/2pi... Rune
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
"Rune Allnor" <allnor@tele.ntnu.no> writes:> [...] > Without having read all the books (only browsed Papulis', some > 10 years ago), I would guess it has to do with convenience.Hi Rune, If that's true, it's appalling! Why don't we just leave out the bothersome 2\pi in the exponent argument as well? It'd be more "convenient" ... -- % Randy Yates % "Though you ride on the wheels of tomorrow, %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % you still wander the fields of your %%% 919-577-9882 % sorrow." %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % '21st Century Man', *Time*, ELO http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
Randy, What does the '\' in '1/(2*\pi)' mean? I don't know about the books listed, but there seems to be some correlation with whether the writer is an engineer, physicist, or mathematician. How come you didn't object to the swapping of the negative sign in the imaginary exponents between forward and inverse transforms that you also find in the various DFT/IDFT definitions? : ) Dirk Dirk Bell DSP Consultant Randy Yates wrote:> It's not completely standard, but I've usually seen a factor of > 1/(2*\pi) in front of the integral for the inverse Fourier transform. > I believe the theore says that this factor must be somewhere in the > round-trip journey from forward transform to revers. It could be > 1/sqrt(2*\pi) in front of both, or whatever. > > [papoulis] has the present in his definition of the autocorrelation > function as the inverse transform of the power spectral density. > However, both [proakiscomm] and [garcia] omit this factor. > > Why do these people use this [incorrect] form of the inverse transform? > > --Randy > > @BOOK{proakiscomm, > title = "{Digital Communications}", > author = "John~G.~Proakis", > publisher = "McGraw-Hill", > edition = "fourth", > year = "2001"} > > @book{garcia, > title = "Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering", > author = "{Alberto~Leon-Garcia}", > publisher = "Addison-Wesley", > year = "1989"} > > @book{papoulis, > title = "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes", > author = "{Athanasios~Papoulis}", > publisher = "WCB/McGraw-Hill", > edition = "Third", > year = "1991"} > > -- > % Randy Yates % "With time with what you've learned, > %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % they'll kiss the ground you walk > %%% 919-577-9882 % upon." > %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % '21st Century Man', *Time*, ELO > http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
"dbell" <bellda2005@cox.net> writes:> Randy, > > What does the '\' in '1/(2*\pi)' mean?Hi Dirk, It is a LaTeX-ism - anything preceded by a backslash ("\") is a command in LaTeX, and all the greek letters are formed by "\" followed by the letter name ("\pi" for lower case, "\Pi" for upper case).> I don't know about the books listed, but there seems to be some > correlation with whether the writer is an engineer, physicist, or > mathematician.That's a bit like saying the inverse square law changes depending on who you are.> How come you didn't object to the swapping of the negative sign in the > imaginary exponents between forward and inverse transforms that you > also find in the various DFT/IDFT definitions? : )Because by and large I have found that folks are consistent, and even if they weren't, I'm not sure that would be a violation of the theory (as long as one is the opposite sign of the other). --Randy> > Dirk > > Dirk Bell > DSP Consultant > > Randy Yates wrote: >> It's not completely standard, but I've usually seen a factor of >> 1/(2*\pi) in front of the integral for the inverse Fourier transform. >> I believe the theore says that this factor must be somewhere in the >> round-trip journey from forward transform to revers. It could be >> 1/sqrt(2*\pi) in front of both, or whatever. >> >> [papoulis] has the present in his definition of the autocorrelation >> function as the inverse transform of the power spectral density. >> However, both [proakiscomm] and [garcia] omit this factor. >> >> Why do these people use this [incorrect] form of the inverse transform? >> >> --Randy >> >> @BOOK{proakiscomm, >> title = "{Digital Communications}", >> author = "John~G.~Proakis", >> publisher = "McGraw-Hill", >> edition = "fourth", >> year = "2001"} >> >> @book{garcia, >> title = "Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering", >> author = "{Alberto~Leon-Garcia}", >> publisher = "Addison-Wesley", >> year = "1989"} >> >> @book{papoulis, >> title = "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes", >> author = "{Athanasios~Papoulis}", >> publisher = "WCB/McGraw-Hill", >> edition = "Third", >> year = "1991"} >> >> -- >> % Randy Yates % "With time with what you've learned, >> %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % they'll kiss the ground you walk >> %%% 919-577-9882 % upon." >> %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % '21st Century Man', *Time*, ELO >> http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr >-- % Randy Yates % "Remember the good old 1980's, when %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % things were so uncomplicated?" %%% 919-577-9882 % 'Ticket To The Moon' %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % *Time*, Electric Light Orchestra http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
Randy Yates skrev:> "Rune Allnor" <allnor@tele.ntnu.no> writes: > > [...] > > Without having read all the books (only browsed Papulis', some > > 10 years ago), I would guess it has to do with convenience. > > Hi Rune, > > If that's true, it's appalling! Why don't we just leave out the bothersome > 2\pi in the exponent argument as well? It'd be more "convenient" ...You do. Every time you choose to use w (lowercase omega) instead of 2*pi*f. The only effect is to save writing. Ah, yes, the factor 2*pi may have to do whether you integrate w from -1 to 1 rather than f between -pi and pi. Rune
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
"dbell" <bellda2005@cox.net> asked in message news:1158940951.419443.75290@i3g2000cwc.googlegroups.com...> Randy, > How come you didn't object to the swapping of the negative sign in the > imaginary exponents between forward and inverse transforms that you > also find in the various DFT/IDFT definitions? : )Perhaps Randy believes that there are two square roots of -1, and that some people use one root while others use the other root (which accounts for the swapping of the signs?) :-)
Reply by ●September 22, 20062006-09-22
"Dilip V. Sarwate" <sarwate@YouEyeYouSee.edu> writes:> "dbell" <bellda2005@cox.net> asked in message > news:1158940951.419443.75290@i3g2000cwc.googlegroups.com... >> Randy, >> How come you didn't object to the swapping of the negative sign in the >> imaginary exponents between forward and inverse transforms that you >> also find in the various DFT/IDFT definitions? : ) > > Perhaps Randy believes that there are two square roots of -1, and > that some people use one root while others use the other root (which > accounts for the swapping of the signs?) :-)Didn't I say that? :) -- % Randy Yates % "Maybe one day I'll feel her cold embrace, %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % and kiss her interface, %%% 919-577-9882 % til then, I'll leave her alone." %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % 'Yours Truly, 2095', *Time*, ELO http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Reply by ●September 23, 20062006-09-23
Randy Yates wrote: <snipped>> > > I don't know about the books listed, but there seems to be some > > correlation with whether the writer is an engineer, physicist, or > > mathematician. > > That's a bit like saying the inverse square law changes depending on > who you are.Randy, I don't think the "square law" comparison holds. By playing with the scaling you don't change any basic truth. I think consistency, like you said regarding the frequency sign, takes care of the problem. If you move the scaling around, other related equations/units must also change. If you think of the inverse FT as representing a signal by a weighted sum/integral of complex exponentials, then incorporating any common weighting into the weighting of the exponentials kind of makes aesthetic sense, with no scale factor out front. A mathematician I know thinks that is how it should be, he will argue for about for hours if you are willing. Some math people seem to like forward and inverse transforms to be as similar possible and often distribute any special scaling between them. Check your CRC Tables and see what they use, I don't recall it being consistent with my engineering texts. Years ago IIRC MathCAD actually had both scalings in their functions. That was kind of annoying because it was function dependent, not parameter dependent, and not obvious from the function name; you had to check Help. I personally like when I plot 2 different size FFT's of the same sine wave if I get the same amplitudes. That effectively requires moving the 1/NFFT scaling to the FFT, when it is commonly applied in the IFFT. If I am playing with FFT size for analysis I will often scale out the size dependence so I can better compare the plots. You just need to keep track of what you are doing. So what's the problem? : ) Dirk Dirk Bell DSP Consultant> > > How come you didn't object to the swapping of the negative sign in the > > imaginary exponents between forward and inverse transforms that you > > also find in the various DFT/IDFT definitions? : ) > > Because by and large I have found that folks are consistent, and even > if they weren't, I'm not sure that would be a violation of the theory > (as long as one is the opposite sign of the other). > > --Randy > > > > > Dirk > > > > Dirk Bell > > DSP Consultant<snipped>
Reply by ●September 23, 20062006-09-23
Randy Yates wrote:> It's not completely standard, but I've usually seen a factor of > 1/(2*\pi) in front of the integral for the inverse Fourier transform. > I believe the theore says that this factor must be somewhere in the > round-trip journey from forward transform to revers. It could be > 1/sqrt(2*\pi) in front of both, or whatever. > > [papoulis] has the present in his definition of the autocorrelation > function as the inverse transform of the power spectral density. > However, both [proakiscomm] and [garcia] omit this factor. > > Why do these people use this [incorrect] form of the inverse transform? > > --Randy > > @BOOK{proakiscomm, > title = "{Digital Communications}", > author = "John~G.~Proakis", > publisher = "McGraw-Hill", > edition = "fourth", > year = "2001"} > > @book{garcia, > title = "Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering", > author = "{Alberto~Leon-Garcia}", > publisher = "Addison-Wesley", > year = "1989"} > > @book{papoulis, > title = "Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes", > author = "{Athanasios~Papoulis}", > publisher = "WCB/McGraw-Hill", > edition = "Third", > year = "1991"} >Randy, Where the factor of two pi shows up depends on which frequeny domain variable is used. If omega (radians/sec) is used, the factor shows up outside the integral and whether is shows up in the forward, inverse, or both transforms depends on the author's discipline. If "f" (cycles/sec) is used, the factor shows up in the exponential but nowhere else. Brigham has a nice explanation of these issues in section 2-4 of his book "The Fast Fourier Transform". Mike