Spherical Waves from a Point Source

Acoustic theory tells us that a point source produces a spherical wave in an ideal isotropic (uniform) medium such as air. Furthermore, the sound from any radiating surface can be computed as the sum of spherical wave contributions from each point on the surface (including any relevant reflections). Huygens' principle explains wave propagation itself as the superposition of spherical waves generated at each point along a wavefront (see, e.g., [358, p. 175]). Thus, all linear acoustic wave propagation can be seen as a superposition of spherical traveling waves.

To a good first approximation, wave energy is conserved as it propagates through the air. In a spherical pressure wave of radius , the energy of the wavefront is spread out over the spherical surface area . Therefore, the energy per unit area of an expanding spherical pressure wave decreases as . This is called spherical spreading loss. It is also an example of an inverse square law which is found repeatedly in the physics of conserved quantities in three-dimensional space. Since energy is proportional to amplitude squared, an inverse square law for energy translates to a decay law for amplitude.

Figure: Geometry of wave propagation from a point source to a listening point .

The sound-pressure amplitude of a traveling wave is proportional to the square-root of its energy per unit area. Therefore, in a spherical traveling wave, acoustic amplitude is proportional to , where is the radius of the sphere. In terms of Cartesian coordinates, the amplitude at the point due to a point source located at is given by