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Embedded SystemsFPGAElectronics

Introduction to Digital Filters
    Frequency Response Analysis
       Phase and Group Delay
          Group Delay
             Derivation of Group Delay as Modulation Delay

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Derivation of Group Delay as Modulation Delay

Suppose we write a narrowband signal centered at frequency $ \omega_c$ as

$\displaystyle x(n) = a_m(n) e^{j\omega_c n} \protect$ (8.6)

where $ \omega_c$ is defined as the carrier frequency (in radians per sample), and $ a_m(n)$ is some ``lowpass'' amplitude modulation signal. The modulation $ a_m$ can be complex-valued to represent either phase or amplitude modulation or both. By ``lowpass,'' we mean that the spectrum of $ a_m$ is concentrated near dc, i.e.,

$\displaystyle a_m(n) \isdefs \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} A_m(\omega)e^{j\... ... \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon} A_m(\omega)e^{j\omega n} d\omega, $

for some $ \left\vert\epsilon\right\vert\ll\pi$. The modulation bandwidth is thus bounded by $ 2\epsilon\ll\pi$.

Using the above frequency-domain expansion of $ a_m(n)$, $ x(n)$ can be written as

$\displaystyle x(n) \eqsp a_m(n) e^{j\omega_c n} \eqsp \left[\frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon} A_m(\omega)e^{j\omega n} d\omega\right] e^{j\omega_c n}, $

which we may view as a scaled superposition of sinusoidal components of the form

$\displaystyle x_\omega(n) \isdefs A_m(\omega)e^{j\omega n} e^{j\omega_c n} = A_m(\omega)e^{j(\omega+\omega_c) n} $

with $ \omega$ near 0. Let us now pass the frequency component $ x_\omega(n)$ through an LTI filter $ H(z)$ having frequency response

$\displaystyle H(e^{j\omega}) = G(\omega) e^{j\Theta(\omega)} $

to get

$\displaystyle y_\omega(n) = \left[G(\omega_c+\omega)A_m(\omega)\right] e^{j[(\omega_c +\omega) n + \Theta(\omega_c+\omega)]}. \protect$ (8.7)

Assuming the phase response $ \Theta(\omega)$ is approximately linear over the narrow frequency interval $ \omega\in[\omega_c-\epsilon,\omega_c+\epsilon]$, we can write

$\displaystyle \Theta(\omega_c+\omega)\;\approx\; \Theta(\omega_c) + \Theta^\prime(\omega_c)\omega \isdefs \Theta(\omega_c) - D(\omega_c)\omega, $

where $ D(\omega_c)$ is the filter group delay at $ \omega_c$. Making this substitution in Eq.$ \,$(7.7) gives

\begin{eqnarray*} y_\omega(n) &=& \left[G(\omega_c+\omega)A_m(\omega)\right] e^... ...\right] e^{j\omega[n-D(\omega_c)]} e^{j\omega_c[n-P(\omega_c)]}, \end{eqnarray*}

where we also used the definition of phase delay, $ P(\omega_c) = -\Theta(\omega_c)/\omega_c$, in the last step. In this expression we can already see that the carrier sinusoid is delayed by the phase delay, while the amplitude-envelope frequency-component is delayed by the group delay. Integrating over $ \omega$ to recombine the sinusoidal components (i.e., using a Fourier superposition integral for $ y$) gives

\begin{eqnarray*} y(n) &=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\omega} y_\omega(n) d\omega \\ &... ...)]}\\ &=& a^f[n-D(\omega_c)] \cdot e^{j\omega_c[n-P(\omega_c)]} \end{eqnarray*}

where $ a^f(n)$ denotes a zero-phase filtering of the amplitude envelope $ a(n)$ by $ G(\omega+\omega_c)$. We see that the amplitude modulation is delayed by $ D(\omega_c)$ while the carrier wave is delayed by $ P(\omega_c)$.

We have shown that, for narrowband signals expressed as in Eq.$ \,$(7.6) as a modulation envelope times a sinusoidal carrier, the carrier wave is delayed by the filter phase delay, while the modulation is delayed by the filter group delay, provided that the filter phase response is approximately linear over the narrowband frequency interval.

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Next: Group Delay Examples in Matlab

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About the Author: Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.


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