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Physical Audio Signal Processing
    Artificial Reverberation
       FDN Reverberation
          Choice of Lossless Feedback Matrix
             Householder Feedback Matrix

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Householder Feedback Matrix

One choice of lossless feedback matrix $ \mathbf{A}_N$ for FDNs, especially nice in the $ 4\times4$ case, is a specific Householder reflection proposed by Jot [217]:

$\displaystyle \mathbf{A}_N = \mathbf{I}_N - \frac{2}{N}\uv_N\uv_N^T \protect$ (4.4)

where $ \uv_N^T = [1, 1, \dots, 1]$ can be interpreted as the specific vector about which the input vector is reflected in $ N$-dimensional space (followed by a sign inversion). More generally, the identity matrix $ \mathbf{I}_N$ can be replaced by any $ N\times N$ permutation matrix [153, p. 126].

It is interesting to note that when $ N$ is a power of 2, no multiplies are required [430]. For other $ N$, only one multiply is required (by $ 2/N$).

Another interesting property of the Householder reflection $ \mathbf{A}_N$ given by Eq.$ \,$(3.4) (and its permuted forms) is that an $ N\times N$ matrix-times-vector operation may be carried out with only $ 2N-1$ additions (by first forming $ \uv_N^T$ times the input vector, applying the scale factor $ 2/N$, and subtracting the result from the input vector). This is the same computation as physical wave scattering at a junction of identical waveguides (§C.8).

An example implementation of a Householder FDN for $ N=3$ is shown in Fig.3.11. As observed by Jot [153, p. 216], this computation is equivalent to $ N$ parallel feedback comb filters with one new feedback path from the output to the input through a gain of $ -2/N$.

Figure 3.11: FDN using a Householder-reflection feedback matrix.
\includegraphics[width=0.7\twidth]{eps/householder1}

A nice feature of the Householder feedback matrix $ A_N$ is that for $ N\neq 2$, all entries in the matrix are nonzero. This means every delay line feeds back to every other delay line, thereby helping to maximize echo density as soon as possible.

Furthermore, for $ N=4$, all matrix entries have the same magnitude:

$\displaystyle \mathbf{A}_4 = \frac{1}{2} \left[\begin{array}{rrrr} 1 & -1 & -1 ... ... -1 & 1 & -1 & -1\\ -1 & -1 & 1 & -1\\ -1 & -1 & -1 & 1 \end{array}\right]. $

Only the $ N=4$ case is ``balanced'' in this way. For larger $ N$, the diagonal becomes larger than the off-diagonal elements, and as $ N$ becomes very large, the FDN approaches a bank of decoupled parallel comb filters.

Due to the elegant balance of the $ N=4$ Householder feedback matrix, Jot [216] proposes an $ N=16$ FDN based on an embedding of $ N=4$ feedback matrices:

$\displaystyle \mathbf{A}_{16} = \frac{1}{2} \left[\begin{array}{rrrr} \mathbf{A... ...\mathbf{A}_4 & -\mathbf{A}_4 & -\mathbf{A}_4 & \mathbf{A}_4 \end{array}\right] $

Another method is to replace each of the four delay lines in an FDN(4) by a Gerzon vector allpass (see §2.8.5) which is $ 4\times4$ and contains four delay lines.

Previous: Hadamard Matrix
Next: Householder Reflections

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About the Author: Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.


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