Choice of Hop Size

A question related to the STFT analysis window is the hop size , i.e., how much we can advance the analysis time origin from frame to frame. This depends very much on the purposes of the analysis. In general, more overlap will give more analysis points and therefore smoother results across time, but the computational expense is proportionately greater. For purposes of spectrogram display or additive synthesis parameter extraction, a conservative constraint is to require that the analysis window overlap-add to a constant at the chosen hop size:

where denotes the FFT window, and is the hop size in samples. This constant overlap-add (COLA) constraint ensures that the succesive frames will overlap in time in such a way that all data are weighted equally.

The COLA constraint can be overly conservative for steady-state signals. For additive synthesis purposes, it is more efficient and still effective to increase the hop size to the number of samples over which the spectrum is not changing appreciably. In the case of the steady-state portion of piano tones, the hop size appears to be limited by the fastest amplitude envelope ``beat'' frequency caused by mistuning strings on one key or by overlapping partials from different keys.

For certain window types (such as sum-of-cosine windows, as discussed in Chapter 3), there exist perfect overlap factors in the sense of (10.1). For example, a rectangular window can hop by , where is any positive integer, and a Hanning or Hamming window can use any hop size of the form . For the Kaiser window, in contrast, there is no perfect hop size other than .

The COLA criterion for windows and their hop sizes is not the best perspective to take when overlap-add synthesis is being constructed from the modified spectra [8]. As discussed in Chapter 9, the hop size is the decimation factor applied to each FFT filter-bank output, and the window is the envelope of each filter's impulse response. The decimation by causes aliasing, and the frame rate is equal to twice the ``folding frequency'' of this aliasing. Consequently, to minimize aliasing, the choice of hop size should be such that the folding frequency exceeds the ``cut-off freqency'' of the window. The cut-off frequency of a window can be defined as the frequency above which the window transform magnitude is less than or equal to the worst-case sidelobe level. For convenience, we typically use the frequency of the first zero-crossing beyond the main lobe as the definition of cut-off frequency. Following this rule yields overlap for the rectangular window, overlap for Hamming and Hanning windows, and (5/6) overlap for Blackman windows. The hop size useable with a Kaiser window is determined by its design parameters (principally, the desired time-bandwidth product of the window, or, the ``beta'' parameter) [102].

One may wonder what happens to aliasing in the perfect-reconstruction case in which (10.1) is satisfied. The answer is that aliasing does occur in the individual filter-bank outputs, but this aliasing is canceled in the reconstruction by overlap-add if there were no modifications to the STFT. For a general discussion of aliasing cancellation in decimated filter banks, see Chapter 11 (especially §11.4.5) and/or [264].

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written by Julius Orion Smith III
Julius Smith's background is in electrical engineering (BS Rice 1975, PhD Stanford 1983). He is presently Professor of Music and Associate Professor (by courtesy) of Electrical Engineering at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), teaching courses and pursuing research related to signal processing applied to music and audio systems. See http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/ for details.