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Direct Proof of De Moivre's Theorem

In §2.10, De Moivre's theorem was introduced as a consequence of Euler's identity:

$\displaystyle \zbox {\left[\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)\right] ^n = \cos(n\theta) + j \sin(n\theta), \qquad\hbox{for all $n\in{\bf R}$}} $

To provide some further insight into the ``mechanics'' of Euler's identity, we'll provide here a direct proof of De Moivre's theorem for integer $ n$ using mathematical induction and elementary trigonometric identities.
Proof: To establish the ``basis'' of our mathematical induction proof, we may simply observe that De Moivre's theorem is trivially true for $ n=1$. Now assume that De Moivre's theorem is true for some positive integer $ n$. Then we must show that this implies it is also true for $ n+1$, i.e.,

$\displaystyle \left[\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)\right] ^{n+1} = \cos[(n+1)\theta] + j \sin[(n+1)\theta]. \protect$ (3.2)

Since it is true by hypothesis that

$\displaystyle \left[\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)\right] ^n = \cos(n\theta) + j \sin(n\theta), $

multiplying both sides by $ [\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)]$ yields
$\displaystyle \left[\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)\right] ^{n+1}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \left[\cos(n\theta) + j \sin(n\theta)\right] \cdot \left[\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)\right]$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \qquad\! \left[\cos(n\theta)\cos(\theta) -\sin(n\theta)\sin(\theta)\right]$  
    $\displaystyle \,+\, j \left[\sin(n\theta)\cos(\theta)+\cos(n\theta)\sin(\theta)\right]. \protect$ (3.3)

From trigonometry, we have the following sum-of-angle identities:
\begin{eqnarray*} \sin(\alpha+\beta) &=& \sin(\alpha)\cos(\beta) + \cos(\alpha)\... ...pha+\beta) &=& \cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta) - \sin(\alpha)\sin(\beta) \end{eqnarray*}
These identities can be proved using only arguments from classical geometry.3.8Applying these to the right-hand side of Eq.$ \,$(3.3), with $ \alpha=n\theta$ and $ \beta=\theta$, gives Eq.$ \,$(3.2), and so the induction step is proved. $ \Box$ De Moivre's theorem establishes that integer powers of $ [\cos(\theta) + j \sin(\theta)]$ lie on a circle of radius 1 (since $ \cos^2(\phi)+\sin^2(\phi)=1$, for all $ \phi\in[-\pi,\pi]$). It therefore can be used to determine all $ N$ of the $ N$th roots of unity (see §3.12 above). However, no definition of $ e$ emerges readily from De Moivre's theorem, nor does it establish a definition for imaginary exponents (which we defined using Taylor series expansion in §3.7 above).
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