### Example Sinusoids

Figure 4.1 plots the sinusoid , for , , , and . Study the plot to make sure you understand the effect of changing each parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase), and also note the definitions of peak-to-peak amplitude'' and zero crossings.''

A tuning fork'' vibrates approximately sinusoidally. An A-440'' tuning fork oscillates at cycles per second. As a result, a tone recorded from an ideal A-440 tuning fork is a sinusoid at Hz. The amplitude determines how loud it is and depends on how hard we strike the tuning fork. The phase is set by exactly when we strike the tuning fork (and on our choice of when time 0 is). If we record an A-440 tuning fork on an analog tape recorder, the electrical signal recorded on tape is of the form

As another example, the sinusoid at amplitude and phase (90 degrees) is simply

Thus, is a sinusoid at phase 90-degrees, while is a sinusoid at zero phase. Note, however, that we could just as well have defined to be the zero-phase sinusoid rather than . It really doesn't matter, except to be consistent in any given usage. The concept of a sinusoidal signal'' is simply that it is equal to a sine or cosine function at some amplitude, frequency, and phase. It does not matter whether we choose or in the official'' definition of a sinusoid. You may encounter both definitions. Using is nice since sinusoid'' naturally generalizes . However, using is nicer when defining a sinusoid to be the real part of a complex sinusoid (which we'll talk about in §4.3.11).
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Why Sinusoids are Important