## The Uncertainty Principle

The uncertainty principle (for Fourier transform pairs) follows immediately from the scaling theorem (§B.4). It may be loosely stated as

Time Duration Frequency Bandwidth c
where is some constant determined by the precise definitions of duration'' in the time domain and bandwidth'' in the frequency domain.

If duration and bandwidth are defined as the nonzero interval,'' then we obtain , which is not useful. This conclusion follows immediately from the definition of the Fourier transform and its inverse (§2.2).

### Duration and Bandwidth as Second Moments

More interesting definitions of duration and bandwidth are obtained using the normalized second moments of the squared magnitude:

 (B.61)

where

By the DTFT power theorem2.3.8), we have . Note that writing  '' and  '' is an abuse of notation, but a convenient one. These duration/bandwidth definitions are routinely used in physics, e.g., in connection with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle [59].Under these definitions, we have the following theorem [202, p. 273-274]:

Theorem: If as , then

 (B.62)

with equality if and only if

 (B.63)

That is, only the Gaussian function (also known as the bell curve'' or normal curve'') achieves the lower bound on the time-bandwidth product.

Proof: Without loss of generality, we may take consider to be real and normalized to have unit norm ( ). From the Schwarz inequality [264],B.2

 (B.64)

The left-hand side can be evaluated using integration by parts:

 (B.65)

where we used the assumption that as .

The second term on the right-hand side of (B.65) can be evaluated using the power theorem and differentiation theoremB.2):

 (B.66)

Substituting these evaluations into (B.65) gives

 (B.67)

Taking the square root of both sides gives the uncertainty relation sought.

If equality holds in the uncertainty relation (B.63), then (B.65) implies

 (B.68)

for some constant , implying for some constants and .

### Time-Limited Signals

If for , then

 (B.69)

where is as defined above in (B.62).

Proof: See [202, pp. 274-5].

### Time-Bandwidth Products Unbounded Above

We have considered two lower bounds for the time-bandwidth product based on two different definitions of duration in time. In the opposite direction, there is no upper bound on time-bandwidth product. To see this, imagine filtering an arbitrary signal with an allpass filter.B.3 The allpass filter cannot affect bandwidth , but the duration can be arbitrarily extended by successive applications of the allpass filter.

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