I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... Is that true? Any theory behind it? Thanks a lot
Nyquist rate for sampling complex-valued data?
Started by ●November 11, 2004
Reply by ●November 11, 20042004-11-11
kiki wrote:> I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the > Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist > rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... > > Is that true? Any theory behind it? > > Thanks a lotComplex samples consist of a a real part and an imaginary part; another way to look at that is as two samples. If you do look at it that way, each complex sample counting for two real ones, then the sample rates are the same: two real samples or one complex sample in the time it takes for one cycle if the highest frequency in the signal. Jerry -- Engineering is the art of making what you want from things you can get. �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
Jerry Avins wrote:> kiki wrote: > > >>I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the >>Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist >>rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... >> >>Is that true? Any theory behind it? >> >>Thanks a lot > > > Complex samples consist of a a real part and an imaginary part; another > way to look at that is as two samples. If you do look at it that way, > each complex sample counting for two real ones, then the sample rates > are the same: two real samples or one complex sample in the time it > takes for one cycle if the highest frequency in the signal. > > JerryOr sample the signal and it's derivative, or the signal, its derivative and its integral, etc. Nyquist only demands that you take unique samples and that the average rate be more than twice the lowest frequency. Of course, defining "unique" may take a little bit of math... -- Tim Wescott Wescott Design Services http://www.wescottdesign.com
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
Tim Wescott wrote:> Jerry Avins wrote: > >> kiki wrote: >> >> >>> I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by >>> the Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower >>> than Nyquist rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct >>> perfectly... >>> >>> Is that true? Any theory behind it? >>> >>> Thanks a lot >> >> >> >> Complex samples consist of a a real part and an imaginary part; another >> way to look at that is as two samples. If you do look at it that way, >> each complex sample counting for two real ones, then the sample rates >> are the same: two real samples or one complex sample in the time it >> takes for one cycle if the highest frequency in the signal. >> >> Jerry > > > Or sample the signal and it's derivative, or the signal, its derivative > and its integral, etc. Nyquist only demands that you take unique > samples and that the average rate be more than twice the lowest frequency. > > Of course, defining "unique" may take a little bit of math...The signal, its derivative _and_ its integral? Three samples? <raised eyebrow> Jerry -- Engineering is the art of making what you want from things you can get. �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
Jerry Avins wrote:> > The signal, its derivative _and_ its integral? Three samples? > <raised eyebrow> > > JerryWell, if that troubles you, how about the signal, it's first derivative, it's second derivative, it's third, ad infinitum -- then you can make a Taylor's series expansion and get the whole signal back all from samples taken at one point in time. Now keep in mind that I'm speaking of doings in mathmagic land, where there is no such thing as noise to corrupt one's measurements, and it would take me some real work to figure out just what would work here in the real world. -- Tim Wescott Wescott Design Services http://www.wescottdesign.com
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
Tim Wescott wrote:> Jerry Avins wrote: > >> >> The signal, its derivative _and_ its integral? Three samples? >> <raised eyebrow> >> >> Jerry > > > Well, if that troubles you, how about the signal, it's first derivative, > it's second derivative, it's third, ad infinitum -- then you can make a > Taylor's series expansion and get the whole signal back all from samples > taken at one point in time. > > Now keep in mind that I'm speaking of doings in mathmagic land, where > there is no such thing as noise to corrupt one's measurements, and it > would take me some real work to figure out just what would work here in > the real world.Certainly not per cycle. What are you illustrating? Jerry -- Engineering is the art of making what you want from things you can get. �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
On 2004-11-12 06:58:05 +0100, Jerry Avins <jya@ieee.org> said:> Tim Wescott wrote: > >> Jerry Avins wrote: >> >>> The signal, its derivative _and_ its integral? Three samples? >>> <raised eyebrow> >>> >>> Jerry >> >> Well, if that troubles you, how about the signal, it's first derivative, >> it's second derivative, it's third, ad infinitum -- then you can make a >> Taylor's series expansion and get the whole signal back all from samples >> taken at one point in time.[snip] > > Certainly not per cycle. What are you illustrating? > > JerryYou were asking why he would take three samples (f, df, F) instead of two (re, im). You were referring to consecutive samples in time (the sample rate can be lowered if you put the required information into the individual measurements) while Tim says you need to sample only one point in time if you have the signal value and its 1st, 2nd, 3rd, Nth derivative at that point. In a way this is the extreme case of what complex-valued sampling does. I believe you were still thinking about using half the sampling rate - while Tim's example would require only 1/Nth of the sampling rate. -- Stephan M. Bernsee http://www.dspdimension.com
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
Tim Wescott wrote:> > Jerry Avins wrote: > > > kiki wrote: > > > > > >>I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the > >>Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist > >>rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... > >> > >>Is that true? Any theory behind it? > >> > >>Thanks a lot > > > > > > Complex samples consist of a a real part and an imaginary part; another > > way to look at that is as two samples. If you do look at it that way, > > each complex sample counting for two real ones, then the sample rates > > are the same: two real samples or one complex sample in the time it > > takes for one cycle if the highest frequency in the signal. > > > > Jerry > > Or sample the signal and it's derivative, or the signal, its derivative > and its integral, etc. Nyquist only demands that you take unique > samples and that the average rate be more than twice the lowest frequency.^^^^^^ Should be highest frequency, I guess. This is sort of a generalized requirement. For bandlimited signals which are centered around a non-zero center frequency, the required sampling rate is *at least* more than the bandwidth of the signal. In those cases, the sampling also shifts the signal to a lower frequency (around zero if the sampling frequency is properly chosen) and the average sampling rate only has to be twice the highest frequency of the resulting signal. So if you want to make a DSP-receiver for the FM radio band (around 100 MHz), you'll only need to sample the radio signals with a few hundred kHz.> > Of course, defining "unique" may take a little bit of math... > > -- > > Tim Wescott > Wescott Design Services > http://www.wescottdesign.com
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
"kiki" <lunaliu3@yahoo.com> writes:> I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the > Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist > rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... > > Is that true?Yes. Real sampling at Fs samples/second provides a "usable" bandwidth of Fs/2 Hz while complex sampling provides a usable bandwidth of Fs Hz at the same sample rate.> Any theory behind it?Yes. Use two pieces of knowledge: a) the Fourier transform property that H(f) = H*(-f) (this is known as "Hermitian symmetry") for a real signal h(t), H(f) = F[h(t)], and b) the fact that sampling can be viewed in the frequency domain as replicating the band from -Fs/2 to +Fs/2 every Fs Hz. More simply, a real signal has bandwidth from 0 to Fs/2 available, while a complex signal has bandwidth from -Fs/2 to +Fs/2 available. As I recall, Richard Lyon's book "Understanding Digital Signal Processing" (2nd ed.) discusses this phenomenom at great length. -- % Randy Yates % "So now it's getting late, %% Fuquay-Varina, NC % and those who hesitate %%% 919-577-9882 % got no one..." %%%% <yates@ieee.org> % 'Waterfall', *Face The Music*, ELO http://home.earthlink.net/~yatescr
Reply by ●November 12, 20042004-11-12
You might check out the references given at the bottom of http://www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk/Research/oceans/projects/sonar/beamform/ which point to many papers in complex (quadrature) sampling. In article <pt2juyeq.fsf@ieee.org>, Randy Yates <yates@ieee.org> wrote:>"kiki" <lunaliu3@yahoo.com> writes: > >> I (vaguely) heard that sampling complex-valued data does not abide by the >> Nyquist rate criteria, i.e., the sampling rate fs can go lower than Nyquist >> rate and it still can avoid aliasing and reconstruct perfectly... >> >> Is that true? > >Yes. Real sampling at Fs samples/second provides a "usable" bandwidth >of Fs/2 Hz while complex sampling provides a usable bandwidth of Fs Hz >at the same sample rate. > >> Any theory behind it? > >Yes. Use two pieces of knowledge: a) the Fourier transform property >that H(f) = H*(-f) (this is known as "Hermitian symmetry") for a real >signal h(t), H(f) = F[h(t)], and b) the fact that sampling can be >viewed in the frequency domain as replicating the band from -Fs/2 to >+Fs/2 every Fs Hz. > >More simply, a real signal has bandwidth from 0 to Fs/2 available, while >a complex signal has bandwidth from -Fs/2 to +Fs/2 available. > >As I recall, Richard Lyon's book "Understanding Digital Signal Processing" >(2nd ed.) discusses this phenomenom at great length.
