The correct answer to the quiz of @apolin
The correct answer to the @apolin quiz can be easily explained using the following Simulink model: In MATLAB you have to initialize the two filters: h = dftmtx (8); h1 = h (3, :); % The filter of the quiz h2 = h (7, :); % The...
A Free DSP Laboratory
Getting Started In Audio DSPImagine you're starting out studying DSP and your particular interest is audio. Wouldn't it be nice to have access to some audio signals and the tools to analyze and modify them? In the old days, a laboratory like this...
Polynomial calculations on an FIR filter engine, part 1
Polynomial evaluation is structurally akin to FIR filtering and fits dedicated filtering engines quite well, with certain caveats. It’s a technique that has wide applicability. This two-part note discusses transducer and amplifier non-linearity...
Plotting Discrete-Time Signals
A discrete-time sinusoid can have frequency up to just shy of half the sample frequency. But if you try to plot the sinusoid, the result is not always recognizable. For example, if you plot a 9 Hz sinusoid sampled at 100 Hz, you get the result shown in the top of Figure 1, which looks like a sine. But if you plot a 35 Hz sinusoid sampled at 100 Hz, you get the bottom graph, which does not look like a sine when you connect the dots. We typically want the plot of a sampled sinusoid to resemble its continuous-time version. To achieve this, we need to interpolate.
Interpolation Basics
This article covers interpolation basics, and provides a numerical example of interpolation of a time signal. Figure 1 illustrates what we mean by interpolation. The top plot shows a continuous time signal, and the middle plot shows a sampled version with sample time Ts. The goal of interpolation is to increase the sample rate such that the new (interpolated) sample values are close to the values of the continuous signal at the sample times [1]. For example, if we increase the sample rate by the integer factor of four, the interpolated signal is as shown in the bottom plot. The time between samples has been decreased from Ts to Ts/4.
Stereophonic Amplitude-Panning: A Derivation of the "Tangent Law"
This article presents a derivation of the "Tangent Law"
A Brief Introduction To Romberg Integration
This article briefly describes a remarkable integration algorithm, called "Romberg integration." The algorithm is used in the field of numerical analysis but it's not so well-known in the world of DSP.
An IIR 'DC Removal' Filter
●2 commentsIt seems to me that DC removal filters (also called "DC blocking filters") have been of some moderate interest recently on the dsprelated.com Forum web page. With that notion in mind I thought I'd post a little information, from Chapter 13 of my "Understanding DSP" book, regarding infinite impulse response (IIR) DC removal filters.
Linear Feedback Shift Registers for the Uninitiated, Part XVI: Reed-Solomon Error Correction
Last time, we talked about error correction and detection, covering some basics like Hamming distance, CRCs, and Hamming codes. If you are new to this topic, I would strongly suggest going back to read that article before this one. This time we...
Digital PLL’s, Part 3 – Phase Lock an NCO to an External Clock
Sometimes you may need to phase-lock a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) to an external clock that is not related to the system clocks of your ASIC or FPGA. This situation is shown in Figure 1. Assuming your system has an...
An Efficient Linear Interpolation Scheme
●4 commentsThis article presents a computationally-efficient linear interpolation trick that requires at most one multiply per output sample.
Four Ways to Compute an Inverse FFT Using the Forward FFT Algorithm
●3 commentsIf you need to compute inverse fast Fourier transforms (inverse FFTs) but you only have forward FFT software (or forward FFT FPGA cores) available to you, below are four ways to solve your problem. Preliminaries To define what we're...
Second Order Discrete-Time System Demonstration
Discrete-time systems are remarkable: the time response can be computed from mere difference equations, and the coefficients ai, bi of these equations are also the coefficients of H(z). Here, I try to illustrate this remarkableness by converting a continuous-time second-order system to an approximately equivalent discrete-time system. With a discrete-time model, we can then easily compute the time response to any input. But note that the goal here is as much to understand the discrete-time model as it is to find the response.
Polyphase filter / Farrows interpolation
●6 commentsHello, this article is meant to give a quick overview over polyphase filtering and Farrows interpolation. A good reference with more depth is for example Fred Harris' paper: http://www.signumconcepts.com/IP_center/paper018.pdf The task is as...
Phase or Frequency Shifter Using a Hilbert Transformer
In this article, we'll describe how to use a Hilbert transformer to make a phase shifter or frequency shifter. In either case, the input is a real signal and the output is a real signal. We'll use some simple Matlab code to simulate these systems. After that, we'll go into a little more detail on Hilbert transformer theory and design.
How to Find a Fast Floating-Point atan2 Approximation
Context Over a short period of time, I came across nearly identical approximations of the two parameter arctangent function, atan2, developed by different companies, in different countries, and even in different decades. Fascinated...
Generating pink noise
●3 commentsIn one of his most famous columns for Scientific American, Martin Gardner wrote about pink noise and its relation to fractal music. The article was based on a 1978 paper by Voss and Clarke, which presents, among other things, a simple...
Two Easy Ways To Test Multistage CIC Decimation Filters
●2 commentsThis article presents two very easy ways to test the performance of multistage cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filters. Anyone implementing CIC filters should take note of the following proposed CIC filter test methods.
A Fast Real-Time Trapezoidal Rule Integrator
This article presents a computationally-efficient network for computing real?time discrete integration using the Trapezoidal Rule.
An IIR 'DC Removal' Filter
●2 commentsIt seems to me that DC removal filters (also called "DC blocking filters") have been of some moderate interest recently on the dsprelated.com Forum web page. With that notion in mind I thought I'd post a little information, from Chapter 13 of my "Understanding DSP" book, regarding infinite impulse response (IIR) DC removal filters.
